If you are just starting your options trading training, you may not yet understand where these ‘options’ come from. If I buy a call option, I am agreeing with another party that I can choose to buy the corresponding shares from that party, at the agreed price, at any time up to the expiry date of the option. But, as in any deal, there are two sides to this trade.

If I can buy the option from the other party, then he is selling the option to me. He can do this because he actually owns the corresponding shares, so he can supply the shares to me if I choose to exercise my option in the future.

Why would he do this? Well, if I am buying the option because I have an expectation that the price is going to rise above the agreed option price (the ’strike price’), then you can see that his expectation must be the opposite – that the actual price will remain below the strike price, in which case I am not going to exercise my right to buy at the strike price.

So what? So, I paid him for the right to buy at the strike price – if I don’t exercise my right to buy, then he simply pockets the price I paid for the option, and it is pure profit to him.

It’s a gamble for both sides – if the market price rises above the strike price, the buyer of the call option is in profit; if it doesn’t, the seller keeps the price paid for the option and he is in profit.

But look – this ‘other party’ is not some special magic kind of dealer – he is just someone who owns the shares on which he is offering to sell an option. If you have a portfolio of shares, there is nothing to stop you offering to sell call options on your shares. You get an immediate payment for the option, and either you simply keep it, or you have a guaranteed sale price for your shares.

As you might expect, there is a similar situation for put options – someone has to be selling the put options in order for you to be able to buy them.

As a further variation, and somewhat more risky, you can sell an option for shares you do not currently own. This gets you an income from the sale in the short term, but if you are on the losing side of the gamble then you have to go and buy the shares at the current market price.

As you go further into your options trading training, you will begin to understand the risks and benefits, and your trading will move from gambling to sound investment.

If you are going to invest in the stock market, I believe you need a much more hands-on approach than buy-and-hold. Even so, a few hours portfolio management per week beats a full-time job. With a more active approach, investing in the stock market can be a wealth-building programme, not just a place to park your existing funds with a view to a slightly better return than the banks will produce.

There are many different approaches to managing your investments rather than buy-and-hold. One area worth looking at is options trading – when you buy options, you are not acquiring the stocks themselves, you are buying the right to make an agreed trade at some point in the future. This can be used when the stock values go up OR down, by buying the right kind of option. There are 2 basic kinds of options:

Call options – these give you the right, but not the obligation, to buy shares at an agreed price on or before an agreed expiry date. If the actual price of the shares rises above the price agreed in the option, then the holder of the option can make a profit by buying the shares at the option price, and immediately selling them at the higher market price. But there is no need to do this buy/sell transaction, since the option itself has an intrinsic value in this situation and can itself be traded.Put options – these give you the right, but not the obligation, to sell shares at an agreed price on or before an agreed expiry date. If the actual price of the shares falls below the price agreed in the option, then the holder of the option can make a profit by buying the shares at the market price and immediately selling them at the higher option price. Again, there is no need to do this buy/sell transaction, since the option itself has an intrinsic value in this situation and can itself be traded.

Because options values vary with the margin between the market price and the agreed option price, the option prices change by a much greater percentage than the prices of the shares themselves. It is not at all uncommon for options to change 50% in a week – 3 of my last 5 trades have gained over 50% in a week.

There’s a lot to learn about option trading, but for the small investor I recommend taking a look at this as an active investment strategy in preference to the passive buy-and-hold approach.

Option Strategy No. 1 – Buying Put Options

It is fairly easy to purchase put options. This option trading strategy can even be used in an IRA account as long as you have been authorized by your broker. You desire to select a stock, which you feel has a good chance of going down in price. Your risk will be limited to the cost of the put option. For example, stock XYZ is currently trading at $50 per share and you buy a put option on XYZ with an expiration date of two month later with a strike price of $50. If the stock drops from $50 to $40, your put option would be worth $10 per share.

Option Trading Strategy No. 2 – Buying Bear Put Spread

Buying a put spread is a little more complicated than just buying a put option but gives you the benefit of reducing your cost but caps your profit. A put spread is characterized by the trading of two same month expiration put options, buying one at a given strike price and selling the other put option at a strike price lower than the purchased put option. You want to pick a stock that you believe will be falling in value. Your risk will be limited to the cost of the put spread. As an example, if we purchase the put option as listed above but also sold a put option with a strike price of $45. In this example, should the stock plunge to $40, you would profit $5 per share ($50 strike price – $45 strike price). And while you are making less per share, your savings comes in the fact that the cost of buying the put option outright would be much higher than the initial cost for the bear put spread.

Option Trading Strategy No. 3 – Married Put

Risk can be minimized by utilizing a married put, which is a hedging strategy. This strategy consists of purchasing a stock that you believe will appreciate in value and buying a put option at the same time to minimize any losses due to adverse market movement. You might have heard the saying that there is always a bull market going on somewhere. In order to benefit from this strategy find out what business sectors and securities go against the grain and appreciate in a bear market. Next you buy the stocks you chose and protect your investment by buying a put option to limit your losses if the stock goes south.

In conclusion, you can still make big profits in bear markets by looking for stocks that you think are going to fall in price and buying a put option or a bear put spread. Alternatively, you could buy a married put on a stock in a sector you believe is going to appreciate, thus minimizing your risk. In addition to buying options on stocks, you can also buy put options on exchange traded funds or index options. Exchange traded funds let you invest in global markets, commodities and even currencies. It is possible to receive a large profit in a bear market. However, it is vital to comprehend the details of the option strategies, choose the correct stock, exchange traded fund or index option, and make use of a proven tactic and begin.

Disclaimer: This article should not be used as financial advice; it is only for informational purposes. Be sure to contact your financial advisor prior to making any decisions on investing.

Stock options are options, which use stocks as the fundamental instrument. Like all types, the stock options can be defined using several related phrases that are unique to options trading markets. Strike Price, also known as Exercise Price, is a common word used to describe stock options.

Strike Price is the fixed price at which the owner of an option can buy (‘call option’) or sell (‘put option’) the underlying commodity. A call option and a put option is the right to purchase and sell 100 shares of a particular stock respectively.

It is not allowed to own puts or calls indefinitely. The expiration time ranges from one month to three years, and many points in time in between. These periods depend on which stock they represent.

There are a lot of risks coming with the stock options trading. One major risk is that the customer is obligated to trade in the strike price. That is, if a customer wants to buy the underlying stocks, he or she must do it on the strike price though the actual market stock price is lesser than that. Likewise, the customer needs to sell his stock at the strike price though the actual stock market price is far higher.

This article is written for Orient Financial Brokers (OFB), licensed and regulated by Central Bank of the UAE since 1997, to conduct brokerage in Foreign Exchange, Commodities, etc.